The late Anglican bishop, H. C. G. Moule, wrote (Ephesian Studies
[Christian Literature Crusade], p. 70), “Never was there a heresy, but
it had something to do with an insufficient estimate of sin.” He was
right, because an insufficient estimate of sin means that we do not need
the radical solution of the cross. And Satan does all that he can to
undermine the necessity of the cross. He works overtime to get us to
ignore what the Puritans called, “the exceeding sinfulness of sin.”
Sadly, many modern churches that claim to be
evangelical minimize sin. Some of them simply avoid the word, preferring
to focus on more positive aspects of what they call “the gospel.” But
there is no need for the gospel if people are not desperately,
hopelessly alienated from God because of sin. Some of these churches
swap the label on sin, referring to it with all sorts of psychobabble.
But the Father did not send Jesus Christ into this world to help us cope
with our problems. He did not put His Son on the cross to make us feel
better about ourselves or to boost our self-esteem. Christ came and
offered Himself on the cross to deal with our most fundamental,
pervasive, and eternally devastating problem, that our sins have made us
objects of the wrath of the holy God.
Some say that they don’t want to focus on the
negatives, such as sin, but rather on the positives, such as God’s love
and grace. But if we don’t understand the depths of sin from which God
rescued us, we will not appreciate the riches of His grace and the
magnitude of His love. As J. C. Ryle wrote (Expository Thoughts on the Gospels [Baker], on Luke 20:9-19, p. 326), “Christ is never fully valued until sin is clearly seen.”
And if we underestimate the deadly power of sin, we
will surely fall prey to it. One of the greatest mistakes a general can
make before going into battle is to underestimate the power of the
enemy. If he thinks that the enemy is weak when they really are strong,
his troops will not be prepared and will be routed. And so we must have
an accurate, biblical view of our own sinfulness if we would have
victory over sin.
In chapter 1, the apostle Paul begins with an
extended exclamation of praise to God who has blessed us with every
spiritual blessing in the heavenly places in Christ (1:3). He unfolds
those blessings by showing that the Father chose us in Christ before the
foundation of the world (1:4-6). The Son redeemed us through His blood
and made known to us the mystery of His will for the ages, the summing
up of all things in Christ (1:7-12). And God sealed us with the Holy
Spirit of promise (1:13-14). God graciously lavished these blessings
upon us, all to the praise of the glory of His grace (1:6, 12, 14).
Then (1:15-23) Paul shares his constant prayer for
the Ephesians, that God might grant them a spirit of wisdom and
revelation in the knowledge of Him. Especially, he prays that they might
understand (1:18-19) “what is the hope of His calling, what are the
riches of the glory of His inheritance in the saints, and what is the
surpassing greatness of His power toward us who believe.” This mighty
power of God is the same power that raised Jesus from the dead and
seated Him at His right hand in the heavenly places, far above all
authority and power. And He gave Christ as head over all things to the
church, which is His body.
But Paul knew that we will never praise and glorify
God as we should if we lose sight of the depths of sin from which He
saved us. We will not be filled with gratitude for our salvation if we
forget where we were and still would be if God had not reached down to
us with His abundant grace. So in chapter 2 Paul shows what God has done
for us individually (2:1-10) and corporately (2:11-22) in saving us
from our sins. He follows the same pattern in both sections: our past
(2:1-3, 11-12); our present (2:4-9, 13-18); and, our future (2:10,
19-22). In 2:1-3, Paul wants us to remember our past before the Lord
rescued us from judgment, so that we will appreciate the riches of His
grace. He shows that…
All who are outside of Christ are spiritually dead,
living under the power of the world, the devil, and the flesh, by nature
under God’s wrath against sin.
Before we examine these verses, I want to say a word
to those of you who like me grew up in the church. You may not have an
outwardly sordid past. Perhaps like me, you’ve never been drunk. You’ve
never used illegal drugs. You’ve not had multiple sex partners. You’ve
lived an outwardly moral life. You may not have come to Christ because
you saw that you were a wretch who needed saving, as John Newton put it
(“Amazing Grace”).
In my spiritual experience, the dawning awareness of
the wretched sinfulness of my heart did not come before salvation, but
rather afterwards. As the light of God’s Word has shone more fully into
the depths of my heart, I have grown to understand that it was only my
outward circumstances of growing up in a Christian home that kept me
from all manner of evil. If I had grown up in a pagan home with no moral
training, I would have committed horrible sins, because my heart by
nature is corrupt.
In our text, Paul begins by describing the past
sinfulness of the Gentile believers (“you,” 2:1). But lest the Jewish
believers smugly think, “I’m glad that I’m a religious Jew who has never
done those terrible sins,” Paul includes himself and all Jews (“we
too,” 2:3). His argument is much the same as in Romans 1-3, where he first indicts the Gentiles, but then shows that the religious Jews are equally guilty before God, concluding (Rom. 3:23),
“for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.” So even if
you have a relatively clean past, God wants you to see yourself in the
mirror of Ephesians 2:1-3,
so that you will be on guard against the deadly power of indwelling sin
and so that you will thank God every day for saving you from the
eternal consequences of sin.
1. All who are outside of Christ are spiritually dead, walking in their trespasses and sins.
For some reason, the translators of the King James Version added the words (in 2:1), “He made alive.”
Paul will state that wonderful truth in 2:5, but his point in these
opening verses is to emphasize our woeful spiritual condition before God
made us alive. He wants us to feel the desperate situation that we were
in (2:1-2a): “And you were dead in your trespasses and sins, in which
you formerly walked….”
The truth that we are spiritually dead before God
saved us is a watershed in one’s theology of salvation. Those who deny
God’s sovereignty in our salvation have to redefine what it means to be
spiritually dead. Above all else, they want to avoid the conclusion that
it implies inability, because if sinners are spiritually unable to
believe the gospel, then salvation must be totally of God and not at all
due to man’s free choice to believe. So they argue that spiritual death
only means being separated from God. It does not imply the inability to
respond in faith and repentance to the gospel (Norman Geisler, Chosen But Free [Bethany House], second edition, p. 57-67, argues for this; for an excellent refutation of Geisler, see James R. White, The Potter’s Freedom [Calvary Press], especially pp. 91-120).
It is true that spiritual death includes being
separated or alienated from God. But the very picture of being dead and
the need for God to impart new life strongly implies a lack of ability
on the part of the dead sinner to do anything to effect his own
resurrection. When Jesus cried out (John 11:43),
“Lazarus, come forth,” Lazarus didn’t exercise his free will to come
back from the dead! He arose because Jesus imparted life to him. That
miracle was a picture of what Jesus had said earlier of spiritual life (John 5:21),
“For just as the Father raises the dead and gives them life, even so
the Son also gives life to whom He wishes.” The only “free will” that
Jesus mentions there is His own will to give life to whom He wishes.
Jesus also stated the inability of sinners to come to Him. In John 6:44,
Jesus said, “No one can come to Me unless the Father who sent Me draws
him; and I will raise him up on the last day.” In case we missed it,
Jesus repeats (John 6:65), “For this reason I have said to you, that no one can come to Me unless it has been granted him from the Father.” The words, “no one can,” in those two verses means that they are unable to come apart from God’s powerful intervention. They are spiritually dead until God imparts new life.
In John 8:43,
while contending with the obstinate Jews, Jesus said, “Why do you not
understand what I am saying? It is because you cannot hear My word.”
Obviously, they could hear Jesus’ voice. They weren’t physically deaf.
But their spiritual deafness meant that they were incapable of hearing Jesus’ words in the sense of responding favorably to them.
Of course the apostle Paul lined up with the Lord
Jesus on this same point. After stating that the word of the cross is
foolishness to those who are perishing (1 Cor. 1:18), he went on to explain (1 Cor. 2:14),
“But a natural man does not accept the things of the Spirit of God, for
they are foolishness to him; and he cannot understand them, because
they are spiritually appraised.” He did not say that the natural man
chooses not to understand spiritual truth, but rather that he cannot do so. He lacks the capacity because his foolish heart is darkened by sin (Rom. 1:21; Eph. 4:18).
Using the analogy of blindness rather than death, Paul states of those who are perishing (2 Cor. 4:4),
“in whose case the god of this world has blinded the minds of the
unbelieving so that they might not see the light of the gospel of the
glory of Christ, who is the image of God.” Blind people do not have free
will to see. Rather, they are incapable of seeing.
So spiritual death includes being separated from the
holy God because of our sin, but it also includes being spiritually
incapable of responding favorably to the truth of the gospel unless God
raises us from spiritual death to spiritual life.
Paul adds that the sphere in which these Gentile
believers were dead was “your trespasses and sins, in which you formerly
walked.” Trespasses and sins are essentially synonymous when used as plurals (F. F. Bruce, The Epistles to the Colossians, to Philemon, and to the Ephesians [Eerdmans], p. 280). Paul seems to use both words and to add that we walked in them to emphasize that our entire way of life before God saved us was one of repeated, perpetual disobedience to God.
This is further underscored by the description of
unbelievers as “sons of disobedience” (2:2). “Sons of” is a Hebrew
expression that means, “characterized by.” To pick one word to describe
those who are spiritually dead, they are disobedient toward
God. They may be moral, law-abiding, decent people, humanly speaking.
But in their hearts, they are not in submission to God. As Paul sums up
the depravity of the human race (Rom. 3:18), “There is no fear of God before their eyes.”
Note also that Paul says that the Ephesians formerly
walked in their trespasses and sins. While believers do sin, it cannot
be said of them that they walk in sin and are characterized by a life of
sin. As 1 John 3:9
states, “No one who is born of God practices sin, because His seed
abides in him; and he cannot sin, because he is born of God.” If you
profess to be born again but continue to live in sin, you need to
examine whether you are truly born of God. Walking in sin characterizes
the person who is spiritually dead.
2. All who are outside of Christ live under the power of the world, the devil, and the flesh.
A. All who are outside of Christ live under the power of the world.
Paul says that these Gentiles “formerly walked
according to the course [lit., “age”] of this world.” This is a unique
phrase that seems to call attention to the transitory nature of this
present evil world, in contrast to the eternal, heavenly future of the
believer. “The world” is the organized system under the control of Satan
that is opposed to God. The main operating principle of the world
system is self-seeking and independence from God. If we can use God to
achieve our selfish goals, so be it. But man is on the throne.
The apostle John strongly warns (1 John 2:15-17),
“Do not love the world nor the things in the world. If anyone loves the
world, the love of the Father is not in him. For all that is in the
world, the lust of the flesh and the lust of the eyes and the boastful
pride of life, is not from the Father, but is from the world. The world
is passing away, and also its lusts; but the one who does the will of
God abides forever.”
Sometimes in the attempt to escape from the
corrupting influence of the world, believers have withdrawn into
monasteries or cloistered communities. But Jesus prayed for His
disciples (John 17:15-18),
“I do not ask You to take them out of the world, but to keep them from
the evil one. They are not of the world, even as I am not of the world.
Sanctify them in the truth; Your word is truth. As You sent Me into the
world, I also have sent them into the world.” So the Lord wants us to
live in the world, but to be distinct from it because we live in light
of His Word of truth.
Those outside of Christ live for this present evil
world, because it is all they have. They may believe in heaven, but not
enough to live in light of it. They may believe in hell, but they figure
that only the worst of the worst will go there. But their focus is on
how to get ahead in this world. They have no thought of laying up
treasures in heaven nor of seeking first God’s kingdom.
B. All who are outside of Christ live under the power of the devil.
Paul says that they formerly lived “according to the
prince of the power of the air, of the spirit that is now working in
the sons of disobedience.” He is referring to Satan, who is over all of
the fallen angels (demons) who followed him in his rebellion against
God. Paul refers to him as the prince of the power of the air
to show that these spiritual powers are both invisible and powerful. He
later calls them (6:12) “the world forces of this darkness …, the
spiritual forces of wickedness in the heavenly places.” It’s one thing
to fight an enemy that you can see. But it’s a whole different battle to
fight a powerful, unseen enemy!
“Sophisticated” modern man scoffs at the notion that
such unseen spiritual powers exist. Yet everyone accepts the existence
of unseen radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays that travel through the
air. We cannot see them, but we can see their effects. It is the same
with demonic power. We cannot usually see demons, but we can see the
results of their evil power.
Paul is not saying that all unbelievers are
demon-possessed. But he is saying that Satan and his evil forces
actively work in this world through unbelievers. In most cases they are
oblivious to it. They go about their lives without much thought about
it, except perhaps at Halloween. But worldly people are actually in
Satan’s domain of darkness (Col. 1:13).
By living independently of God, with no fear of God in their hearts,
they are inadvertently furthering Satan’s evil plans to usurp God’s
sovereignty.
C. All who are outside of Christ live under the power of the flesh.
Lest religious people exclude themselves from this
indictment of the sinfulness of the human race, Paul adds (2:3), “Among
them we too all formerly lived in the lusts of our flesh, indulging the
desires of the flesh and of the mind, …” We too refers to religious Jews, including Paul. “The flesh” refers to “human nature as conditioned by the fall” (Moule, p. 72). In Galatians 5, Paul sets the desires and deeds of the flesh against power and fruit of the indwelling Holy Spirit (Gal. 5:16-23).
This shows that although believers have been delivered from the
dominating power of the flesh, we still must do battle against it by
walking in the power of the Holy Spirit.
But unbelievers are totally dominated by the desires of the flesh. In Romans 8:6-8,
Paul states, “For the mind set on the flesh is death, but the mind set
on the Spirit is life and peace, because the mind set on the flesh is
hostile toward God; for it does not subject itself to the law of God,
for it is not even able to do so, and those who are in the flesh cannot
please God.” Note, again, the emphasis on inability. Unbelievers, who do
not have the indwelling Holy Spirit, have only one option: they live to
gratify the flesh.
This includes, of course, sensual desires and living
according to what feels good at the moment. But it also includes what
Paul here calls the desires of the mind. This includes such sins as
pride and selfish ambition. His point is that before God saved us, even
those of us who were religious lived to gratify selfish desires, whether
physical or intellectual.
Thus, all who are outside of Christ are spiritually
dead, walking in trespasses and sins. They also live under the power of
the world, the flesh, and the devil. Finally,
3. All who are outside of Christ are by nature under God’s wrath against sin.
Paul goes even deeper in analyzing the condition of
man apart from God. The problem is not just behavior or even thoughts,
but our basic nature. Of the religious Jews, Paul states that they were
“by nature children of wrath, even as the rest.” When Adam sinned, the
entire human race was plunged into sin (Rom. 5:12-21).
This means that we are not sinners because we sin; rather, we sin
because we are by nature sinners. We are born alienated from God, in
rebellion against Him.
This is why unbelievers cannot exercise their “free
will” to believe the gospel: they do not have a nature that is inclined
toward God. They may dress up their old nature with good works, but it’s
like dressing a pig in a tuxedo. He may look nice for a short while,
but his nature will drive him back to wallowing in the mud. To change
the pig, you’ve got to change his basic nature!
Paul says that those apart from Christ are “by
nature children of wrath.” This Hebrew expression means that they are
characterized by being under God’s holy wrath against sin. While modern
man scoffs at the notion of God’s wrath, it is a concept that occurs
hundreds of times in both the Old and New Testaments, especially in the
final book of the Bible, Revelation. It refers to God’s holy, settled
hatred against all sin that will result in His final, eternal judgment
against all sinners, casting them into the lake of fire (Rev. 20:11-15). John 3:36
states, “He who believes in the Son has eternal life; but he who does
not obey the Son will not see life, but the wrath of God abides on him.”
Conclusion
I realize that this is a rather negative, depressing
message, but I believe that Paul wants us to gather around the edge of
the cesspool of what we once were so that we won’t forget it. He wants
us to remember our former condition so that we will appreciate what he
goes on to proclaim (Eph. 2:4-5),
“But God, being rich in mercy, because of His great love with which He
loved us, even when we were dead in our transgressions, made us alive
together with Christ (by grace you have been saved)…”
I leave you with this question: Is there a “but God”
in your life? As you look at this gruesome portrait of the deadly power
of sin, can you say, “Yes, that describes what I once was! But God by
His grace broke into my life and made me alive together with Christ!” If
so, let it flood you with thankfulness for His abundant grace!
Application Questions
- Why is it important to affirm that unbelievers are totally unable to believe in Christ unless God imparts new life to them?
- What is the essence of “worldliness”? How do these three enemies, the world, the devil, and the flesh, assert themselves in the lives of believers?
- Some argue that believers no longer possess “an old nature,” and thus should not view themselves as sinners. Do you agree?
- Why must we hold firmly to the concept of God’s wrath? What do we lose if we minimize or deny it?
